Next-Generation Vaccine Design for Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses: Aligning Antigenic Breadth, Mucosal Immunity, and Translational Evaluation
📄 英文摘要 English Abstract
Porcine enteric coronaviruses (PECs), including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), remain major causes of neonatal diarrhea, dehydration, mortality, and economic loss in swine production. Despite substantial progress in vaccine development, durable field protection is still inconsistent. In this narrative review, this narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on PEC vaccine design from three connected perspectives: antigenic breadth, mucosal immunity, and translational evaluation. The economic and virological context of PEC vaccine development is first summarized, including the recurrent production burden of PECs, coronavirus genome organization, structural proteins, and the central role of the spike protein in receptor engagement, membrane fusion, and neutralizing antibody induction. Key issues are then discussed, including how spike diversity, conformational stability, epitope accessibility, glycan shielding, and antigen matching influence protective breadth; why intestinal secretory IgA, mucosal immune-cell trafficking, local memory responses, and lactogenic immunity should be prioritized as biologically relevant endpoints; and how delivery route, adjuvant selection, and platform design shape response quality. Current evidence on recombinant protein, viral-vectored, nanoparticle, virus-like particle, probiotic, plant-derived, and mRNA-based approaches is compared with attention to both promise and current evidentiary and translational limitations. The available literature suggests that future progress in PEC vaccinology is likely to depend less on platform novelty alone than on integrated vaccine designs that align antigen selection, mucosal delivery, maternal–neonatal protection, heterologous challenge, manufacturability, and field applicability.
📄 中文摘要 Chinese Abstract
📋 英文结构化总结 English Structured Summary
摘要整理
Background:
Porcine enteric coronaviruses (PECs), including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), remain major causes of neonatal diarrhea, dehydration, mortality, and economic loss in swine production. Despite substantial progress in vaccine development, durable field protection is still inconsistent.
Methods:
In this narrative review, current knowledge on PEC vaccine design is synthesized from three connected perspectives: antigenic breadth, mucosal immunity, and translational evaluation. The economic and virological context of PEC vaccine development is first summarized, key issues are then discussed, and current evidence on recombinant protein, viral-vectored, nanoparticle, virus-like particle, probiotic, plant-derived, and mRNA-based approaches is compared with attention to both promise and current evidentiary and translational limitations.
Results:
The review discusses how spike diversity, conformational stability, epitope accessibility, glycan shielding, and antigen matching influence protective breadth. It also discusses why intestinal secretory IgA, mucosal immune-cell trafficking, local memory responses, and lactogenic immunity should be prioritized as biologically relevant endpoints, and how delivery route, adjuvant selection, and platform design shape response quality.
Current evidence on recombinant protein, viral-vectored, nanoparticle, virus-like particle, probiotic, plant-derived, and mRNA-based approaches is compared with attention to both promise and current evidentiary and translational limitations.
Data Summary:
No quantitative results or key statistics are reported in the provided abstract.
Conclusions:
The available literature suggests that future progress in PEC vaccinology is likely to depend less on platform novelty alone than on integrated vaccine designs that align antigen selection, mucosal delivery, maternal–neonatal protection, heterologous challenge, manufacturability, and field applicability.
Practical Significance:
The practical significance relates to improving durable field protection in swine production through integrated PEC vaccine designs that align antigen selection, mucosal delivery, maternal–neonatal protection, heterologous challenge, manufacturability, and field applicability.
📋 中文结构化总结 Chinese Structured Summary
背景:
猪肠道冠状病毒（PECs），包括猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）、传染性胃肠炎病毒（TGEV）、猪δ冠状病毒（PDCoV）和猪急性腹泻综合征冠状病毒（SADS-CoV），仍是养猪生产中导致新生仔猪腹泻、脱水、死亡和经济损失的主要原因。尽管疫苗研发已取得重大进展，但持久的现场保护效果仍不一致。
方法:
本叙述性综述从三个相互关联的视角综合了当前关于PEC疫苗设计的知识：抗原覆盖广度、黏膜免疫和转化评价。首先总结了PEC疫苗研发的经济与病毒学背景，随后讨论了关键问题，并对重组蛋白、病毒载体、纳米颗粒、病毒样颗粒、益生菌、植物来源和基于mRNA等策略的现有证据进行了比较，同时关注其前景以及当前证据和转化方面的局限性。
结果:
本综述讨论了刺突蛋白多样性、构象稳定性、表位可及性、糖链屏蔽和抗原匹配如何影响保护范围。它还讨论了为何应优先将肠道分泌型IgA、黏膜免疫细胞归巢、局部记忆应答和乳源性免疫作为具有生物学意义的终点指标，以及给药途径、佐剂选择和平台设计如何影响免疫应答质量。对重组蛋白、病毒载体、纳米颗粒、病毒样颗粒、益生菌、植物来源和基于mRNA等策略的现有证据进行了比较，同时关注其前景以及当前证据和转化方面的局限性。
数据摘要:
所提供的摘要中未报告定量结果或关键统计数据。
结论:
现有文献表明，PEC疫苗学的未来进展可能更取决于整合的疫苗设计，而非仅取决于平台新颖性；这些设计需使抗原选择、黏膜递送、母源—新生仔猪保护、异源攻毒、可制造性和现场适用性相互协调。
实践意义:
其实践意义在于，通过整合的PEC疫苗设计使抗原选择、黏膜递送、母源—新生仔猪保护、异源攻毒、可制造性和现场适用性相互协调，从而改善养猪生产中的持久现场保护效果。