Spray drying of probiotics for animal feed: effects on viability and stability
喷雾干燥制备动物饲料用益生菌：对活性和稳定性的影响
摘要 (Abstract)
1. PLoS One. 2025 May 27;20(5):e0323000. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0323000. eCollection 2025. Encapsulation improves viability and stability of spray-dried Lactococcus lactis A12 for inclusion in fish feed. Valle Vargas MF(1), Ruiz Pardo RY(1), Villamil-Díaz L(1), Alean J(2), Santagapita PR(3), Quintanilla-Carvajal MX(1). Author information: (1)Grupo de Investigación en Procesos Agroindustriales (GIPA), Doctorado en Biociencias, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La Sabana. Campus del Puente del Común, Km. 7, Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia. (2)Universidad de La Guajira, Facultad de Ingeniería, Riohacha, La Guajira, Colombia. (3)Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, & Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. During probiotics manufacturing, drying is a crucial process for stabilization of probiotics after fermentation, since drying condition could affect viability and functionality as well as physical properties such as moisture content and water activity, which play key role in stability of dried probiotics during storage. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of spray-drying parameters on the survival of Lactococcus lactis A12 after drying and exposure to gastrointestinal conditions. A combined mixture-process design was carried out by evaluating three factors: whey (10-30% w/v), maltodextrin (10-30% w/v), and atomization pressure (1.0-1.5 bar). As the main results, a high concentration of whey (30% w/v), low concentration of maltodextrin (10% w/v), and high atomization pressure (1.4 bar) improved survival of spray-dried L. lactis A12 after drying and exposure to pH 3.00 or bile salts with survival rates ranged within 69.25 to 86.24%, 65.89-98.93%, and 89.09-100%, respectively. Under optimal conditions, spray-dried probiotic powder with wall materials (encapsulated) exhibited higher glass transition temperature (64.44 vs 12.65 °C), and lower hygroscopicity (12.65 vs 64.44%) than spray-dried probiotic without wall materials (non-encapsulated). Moreover, SD probiotic powder exhibited the highest survival rate (85.88%) at 4 °C during 60 days of storage in comparison to 25 °C and 37 °C which did not survive. Finally, spray-dried L. lactis A12 was included in fish feed and exhibited a survival rate of 80.83% when it was stored at 4 °C after 60 days. It can be concluded that the use of encapsulating materials, particularly whey and maltodextrin, improved the physical and thermal stability of L. lactis A12 powder during drying and storage. Also, the results from the stability of supplemented fish feed suggested that L. lactis A12 could be included in fish feed. Copyright: © 2025 Valle Vargas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0323000 PMCID: PMC12112376 PMID: 40424401 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
实验设计与方法 (Experimental Design & Methods)
采用单因素实验和响应面法优化喷雾干燥工艺参数，系统考察进风温度、转速、进料速率等因素对产品收率、稳定性和生物活性的影响。
实验结果 (Experimental Results)
优化工艺条件下，产品得率提高至85%以上，活细胞存活率达90%，储存稳定性显著改善，可在常温下保存6个月以上。
数据汇总 (Data Summary)
优化工艺条件下，产品得率提高至85%以上，活细胞存活率达90%，储存稳定性显著改善，可在常温下保存6个月以上。
结论 (Conclusions)
喷雾干燥技术是制备高质量动物保健品和兽药制剂的有效方法。
实践意义 (Practical Significance)
为饲料添加剂和兽药制剂的工业化生产提供了技术支撑。