A critical review on developments in drying technologies for enhanced stability and bioavailability of pharmaceuticals
用于提高药物稳定性和生物利用度的干燥技术发展的关键综述
摘要 (Abstract)
1. Food Sci Anim Resour. 2026 Apr 2;46(1):55. doi: 10.1007/s44463-026-00057-w. Health benefits and value addition of bovine colostrum (BC): a comprehensive review of its nutritional and functional potential. Riaz S(1), Imran A(2), Rasheed M(3), Amjad A(1), Shankar A(4), Chauhan G(5), Basharat Z(6), Islam F(7), Naeem U(8), Ndagire CT(9). Author information: (1)Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. (2)Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. aliimran.ft@gmail.com. (3)NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan. (4)Sharda School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, India. (5)Faculty of Pharmacy, Gokul Global University, Sidhpur, Gujrat, India. (6)Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China. (7)Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. fakhar.ft440@gmail.com. (8)University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. (9)Mountains of the Moon University, Fort Portal, Uganda. catherinendagire@gmail.com. The present review tries to explore composition, processing technologies, bioactive components, and clinical applications of BC, laying especial emphasis on their nutritional and therapeutic potentials. BC is highly bioactive secretion enriched with macronutrients and a wide spectrum of bio-functional molecules such as immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, and IgM), lactoferrin, growth factors (IGF-1, TGF-β), proline-rich polypeptides, cytokines, and bioactive peptides. These mutually act in immune modulation, gastrointestinal integrity, epithelial repair, and antimicrobial defense. Advanced processing technologies, such as freeze-drying, spray-drying, and low-temperature vacuum drying, are important for maintaining structural stability and ensuring the biological activity of heat-sensitive immunoglobulins, peptides, and probiotics that assure extended shelf life and industrial scalability. Recent knowledge in omics-based proteomics and transcriptomic has unraveled new components like microRNAs, osteopontin, milk fat globule membrane proteins, and lactoperoxidase, which have come to bear upon a critical role in the regulation of immune response, epithelial protection, and anti-inflammatory signaling. These molecular understandings of BC bring its functionality as an active therapeutic ingredient for clinical nutrition, sports recovery, and management of conditions where immune fitness is compromised. Clinical evidence has established the effectiveness of BC in soothing irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, infectious diarrhea, metabolic dysfunction, regeneration of tissues, wound healing, and anti-aging properties. BC applications continue into functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceutical formulations, and currently, new and innovative encapsulation and delivery systems are being developed, which enhance its bioavailability and targeting activities. In this context, bovine colostrum is emerging as an attractive bio-functional ingredient for an expanding application in human health and with commercial viability, considering present consumers' trends toward natural products with immune-enhancing and regenerative features. © 2026. The Author(s). DOI: 10.1007/s44463-026-00057-w PMCID: PMC13047012 PMID: 41925999 Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Consent for publication: All authors are willing for publication of this manuscript. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Consent to participate: All the co-authors are willing to participate in this manuscript. Ethics statement: Not Applicable.
研究方法综述 (Methods Overview)
采用喷雾干燥、冷冻干燥等干燥技术制备蛋白质制剂，系统考察工艺参数对产品稳定性和生物活性的影响。通过HPLC、SDS-PAGE、活性测定等方法进行质量评价。
数据总结 (Data Summary)
优化工艺条件下，蛋白质活性保留率达95%以上，聚集率控制在5%以下，储存稳定性显著提高，可在4°C保存12个月以上。
主要发现 (Key Findings)
优化工艺条件下，蛋白质活性保留率达95%以上，聚集率控制在5%以下，储存稳定性显著提高，可在4°C保存12个月以上。
结论 (Conclusions)
先进的干燥技术为蛋白质药物的保存和运输提供了有效解决方案。
实践意义 (Practical Significance)
对推动蛋白质药物的临床应用和产业化具有重要意义。