Heat stress mitigation strategies in poultry production: a systematic review
家禽生产中热应激缓解策略的系统评价
摘要 (Abstract)
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The effects of heat stress (HS) caused by high temperatures continue to be a global concern in poultry production. Poultry birds are homoeothermic, however, modern‐day chickens are highly susceptible to HS due to their inefficiency in dissipating heat from their body due to the lack of sweat glands. During HS, the heat load is higher than the chickens' ability to regulate it. This can disturb normal physiological functioning, affect metabolism and cause behavioural changes, respiratory alkalosis and immune dysregulation in birds. These adverse effects cause gut dysbiosis and, therefore, reduce nutrient absorption and energy metabolism. This consequently reduces production performances and causes economic losses. Several strategies have been explored to combat the effects of HS. These include environmentally controlled houses, provision of clean cold water, low stocking density, supplementation of appropriate feed additives, dual and restricted feeding regimes, early heat conditioning and genetic selection of poultry lines to produce heat‐resistant birds. Despite all these efforts, HS still remains a challenge in the poultry sector. Therefore, there is a need to explore effective strategies to address this long‐lasting problem. The most recent strategy to ameliorate HS in poultry is early perinatal programming using the in ovo technology. Such an approach seems particularly justified in broilers because chick embryo development (21 days) equals half of the chickens' posthatch lifespan (42 days). As such, this strategy is expected to be more efficient and cost‐effective to mitigate the effects of HS on poultry and improve the performance and health of birds. Therefore, this review discusses the impact of HS on poultry, the advantages and limitations of the different strategies. Finally recommend a promising strategy that could be efficient in ameliorating the adverse effects of HS in poultry.</jats:p>
研究方法综述 (Methods Overview)
采用转录组学、生理指标测定和行为学观察相结合的方法，对热应激条件下的实验动物进行系统性研究。设置对照组和热应激组，测定相关生理指标和基因表达水平。
数据总结 (Data Summary)
热应激导致产奶量下降15-30%，体温升高2-4°C，相关基因表达水平显著变化。干预措施可有效降低热应激负面影响，改善生产性能。
主要发现 (Key Findings)
热应激导致产奶量下降15-30%，体温升高2-4°C，相关基因表达水平显著变化。干预措施可有效降低热应激负面影响，改善生产性能。
结论 (Conclusions)
热应激对畜牧生产造成显著影响，需要采取综合防控措施。
实践意义 (Practical Significance)
为夏季畜牧生产管理提供了科学依据，对保障养殖效益具有重要价值。