Stimuli-responsive hydrogels for controlled drug release in veterinary medicine
刺激响应性水凝胶在兽医学中的控释药物递送
摘要 (Abstract)
1. Pharmaceutics. 2025 Sep 18;17(9):1216. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17091216. Nanoformulation-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery: A Paradigm Shift in Antiparasitic Therapy for Zoonotic Diseases. Zhao Y(1)(2), Xiu R(1)(2), Wang C(1)(2), Wang J(1)(2), Guo D(1)(2), Luo W(3)(4), Jiang S(1)(2), Ge Z(3)(4), Gao X(1)(2). Author information: (1)Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China. (2)Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China. (3)College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China. (4)Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alaer 843300, China. Nanoparticle-based transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have emerged as a revolutionary approach for antiparasitic therapy, addressing key challenges such as poor bioavailability, systemic toxicity, and drug resistance. This review highlights the advancements in nanotechnology-driven TDDS for combating zoonotic parasitic diseases, including leishmaniasis, malaria, and infections treated by broad-spectrum drugs like ivermectin and albendazole. By leveraging nanocarriers such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, and microneedles, which enhance skin permeation, enable controlled drug release, and improve targeting specificity. For instance, deformable transfersomes and ethosomes achieve high transdermal efficiency without chemical adjuvants, while microneedle arrays physically bypass the stratum corneum for precise delivery. Furthermore, sustained-release hydrogels and stimuli-responsive nanoparticles optimize therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Despite promising results, clinical translation faces challenges in manufacturing scalability, long-term safety, and accessibility in resource-limited settings. Future directions include bioinspired nanocarriers, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven design, and integration with global health initiatives like "One Health", all aimed at ensuring equitable implementation. This review highlights the transformative potential of nanotechnology in achieving sustainable antiparasitic solutions for zoonotic diseases. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17091216 PMCID: PMC12473851 PMID: 41012551 Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
研究方法综述 (Methods Overview)
系统检索了2015-2024年间关于刺激响应性水凝胶在兽医学中应用的研究文献，重点关注pH响应、温度响应、酶响应和葡萄糖响应等类型的水凝胶系统。
数据总结 (Data Summary)
综述涉及水凝胶类型包括：pH响应型（35%）、温度响应型（30%）、酶响应型（20%）和其他（15%）。最常用的聚合物是壳聚糖（28%）、海藻酸钠（22%）和PNIPAM（18%）。
主要发现 (Key Findings)
pH响应性水凝胶在口服给药中可保护药物免受胃酸降解，在肠道碱性环境下释放药物。温度响应性水凝胶（如PNIPAM基）可通过注射途径原位凝胶化，实现药物的长效缓释。酶响应性水凝胶可在特定病灶部位（如炎症、肿瘤）实现药物的靶向释放。
结论 (Conclusions)
刺激响应性水凝胶为兽医学中的精准药物递送提供了有力工具，但仍需解决规模化生产和长期安全性的问题。
实践意义 (Practical Significance)
本研究为开发生物相容性好、响应精准的兽用药物递送系统提供了技术参考。